The key answer of exercise 3

a)

• new Englishes
• culture and identity
• local languages / brands of English
• English as a mother tongue
• English as a foreign language

b)

• new Englishes → there are now many different types of English, for example Nigerian English, Ghanaian English, Singaporian English, etc.
• culture and identity → different countries have adapted English to express their own culture and identity.
• local languages / brands of English → when English is adopted by people, it changes according to how they use it, for example to describe local places and things that are important to them (it becomes their own local brand of English).
• English as a mother tongue → there are about 400 million people for whom English is their mother tongue.
• English as a foreign language → there are 2 billion people who speak English as a second or foreign language (five times more than the number of people who speak it as their mother tongue).